Following the expansion of e-commerce & Internet purchases, explaining the perceived value of customers and examining how it affects customers' online purchase behavior is one of the most important and attractive issues of marketing research topics as well as a challenge, is to act for managers' decision making. This explanation appears to be at the high level of structural fitting on the presence of utilitarian values and hedonic values at the same time, which is the main goal of the present research. Utilitarian and hedonic values are evaluated by customers based on subjective norms and objective measures which are dynamic and depending on time, actors and situations. Accordingly, this research is applied type in terms of purpose and descriptive survey type in terms of data collection. The statistical population of this research is customers’ through online stores in West Azerbaijan province. The statistical sample of the study consisted of 207 respondents who were randomly selected through a questionnaire of their opinions and the hypotheses tested using structural equation modeling. The results show that hedonic and utilitarian values have positive and direct effects on customers’ attitude and satisfaction also finding indicate indirect effect on perceived values affect customers’ word-of-mouth and repurchase intention.

Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA), as a system of allocative efficiency for global health programs, is an influential criterion for resource allocation in the context of diplomacy and inherent foreign policy decisions therein. This is because such programs have diplomatic benefits and costs that can be uploaded from the recipient and affect the broader foreign policy interests of the donor and the diplomacy landscape between both parties. These diplomatic implications are vital to the long-term success of both the immediate program and any subsequent programs; hence it is important to articulate them alongside program performance, in terms of how well their interrelated interventions were perceived by the communities served. Consequently, the exclusive focus of cost-effectiveness on medical outcomes ignores (1) the potential non-health benefits of less cost-effective interventions and (2) the potential of these collateral gains to form compelling cases across the interdisciplinary spectrum to increase the overall resource envelope for global health. The assessment utilizes the Kevany Riposte’s "K-Scores" methodology, which has been previously applied as a replicable evaluation tool1 and assesses the trade-offs of highly cost-effective but potentially "undiplomatic" global health interventions. Ultimately, we apply this approach to selected HIV/AIDS interventions to determine their wider benefits and demonstrate the value alternative evaluation and decision-making methodologies. Interventions with high "K-Scores" should be seriously considered for resource allocation independent of their cost-effectiveness. "Oregon Plan" thresholds2 are neither appropriate nor enforceable in this regard while "K-Score" results provide contextual information to policy-makers who may have, to date, considered only cost-effectiveness data. While CEA is a valuable tool for resource allocation, its use as a utilitarian focus should be approached with caution. Policy-makers and global health program managers should take into account a wide range of outcomes before agreeing upon selection and implementation.

Introduction One of the pressing issues faced by universities today is "academic cheating, " which has been causing significant and irreparable harm to the academic community due to its pervasive nature. Studies indicate that cheating shares similarities with other forms of deviant behavior and individuals, who engage in cheating, are more likely to repeat such an action and do it so more frequently. The rational choice theory of criminology provides insight into deviant behavior, suggesting that individuals act based on their personal assessments of the expected benefits, which are influenced by the anticipated costs and motivations associated with the behavior in question. This theory underscores the significance of the perceived benefits of academic cheating, such as avoiding exertion, attaining higher grades, experiencing reduced stress, and saving time, while weighing them against potential costs, such as the risk of being deprived of the necessary education for future success. Furthermore, the deterrence theory offers valuable insights, positing that individuals' awareness of the certainty, severity, and swiftness of punishment diminishes the likelihood of engaging in deviant behavior. Therefore, if students do not perceive the clear and consistent enforcement of penalties for cheating as outlined in university regulations, the likelihood of cheating will increase. This research aimed to sociologically investigate and elucidate the phenomenon of academic cheating among Mazandaran University students through the lenses of rational choice and deterrence theories.

This article examines the utilitarian approach to environmental law, evaluating its effectiveness in balancing economic development with ecological preservation. Through a detailed review of literature and analysis, we explore the ethical underpinnings, applications, and limitations of utilitarianism in environmental policy-making, alongside alternative ethical frameworks including ecocentrism, biocentrism, rights-based approaches, deontological ethics, and the Capability Approach. The methodology involves a comprehensive literature review, focusing on theoretical explorations and case studies that illustrate the utilitarian approach in action, as well as its criticisms and the corresponding strengths of alternative ethical perspectives. Our findings reveal that while the utilitarian approach offers a pragmatic framework for decision-making by emphasizing the maximization of overall welfare, it faces significant challenges. These include the potential for overlooking social inequities, difficulties in quantifying long-term ecological impacts, and a tendency to value nature solely for its utility to humans. In contrast, alternative ethical frameworks provide valuable insights into the intrinsic value of nature, the importance of considering rights and duties, and the need for policies that ensure fair distribution of environmental benefits and burdens. In conclusion, the article argues for a pluralistic and integrative approach to environmental governance. It suggests that drawing on the strengths of both utilitarian and alternative ethical frameworks can lead to more nuanced, just, and sustainable environmental laws and policies. This approach necessitates ongoing dialogue among diverse stakeholders, aiming to reconcile economic development with moral obligations to present and future generations, as well as the non-human world. Through such collaborative efforts, we can better navigate the complex ethical landscape of environmental conservation and governance.

The intellectual movement of utilitarianism focuses on the association of ideas with the aim of maximizing pains but minimizing possible benefits of committing a crime. This school of thought considers punishment as an instrument, including capital punishment as well as seeks to achieve the greatest social benefits in terms of imposing punishments. Therefore, remainist utilitarians as well as abolitionists have made numerous intellectual and philosophical efforts to provide a moral or philosophical justification in a bid to justify imposition or disimposition capital punishment a several years ago. Critical analysis of these two groups exhibits serious philosophical or practical challenges of utilitarian goals as well as makes the necessity of hybrid philosophical approach to capital punishment. We are going to analyze capital punishment through using utilitarian (philosophers’ ) reference texts critically. Hence, the present research aims to analyze the utilitarian (philosophers’ ) different perceptions and readings about the imposition of capital punishment as well as explain serious problems and challenges facing capital punishment deterrence through emphasizing the utilitarianism school, not others.

The Sudanese view of religion is, moreover, an emerging approach to Western thinkers, especially with a pragmatic view of religion. Although such an attitude towards religion is the result of some intellectual methods that do not value the legitimacy and validity of propositions, whether religious or otherwise, and consider the criterion of validity of propositions to depend on its usefulness, but the roots And the signs of such an attitude can be found in the minds of religious scholars in the Islamic world. The attitude of Muslim thinkers towards this issue is a matter of the past and after the legitimacy and truth of religion. From the point of view of Muslim theologians, not only the rules of jurisprudence and law, but also religious beliefs include the interests and corruption and the benefits and harms that return to human life. Religion is not just a series of pure devotional regulations issued only by God and forcing servants to obey it; Rather, it is a truth that adherence to it leads to human benefit and happiness. The usefulness of religion in life is conditional on the knowledge and faith in God and the believer. The most important benefit of religion to human beings is to give knowledge, provide guidance, motivation (good news and warning) and .... Knowledge and faith in God and religiosity are the basis for the emergence of the benefits of religion. Some are the benefits of this worldly and urgent religion and some are the last and nuts.

This study investigated the mediating roles of utilitarian and hedonic value as influencing factors in shopping experience satisfaction in the relationship between involvement and consumers' buying tendencies including variety-seeking, compulsive and impulsive buying tendencies and price sensitivity for Manto and Shirt shoppers in the Iranian market. Results were analyzed through Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and parameters were estimated using maximum likelihood method. This study reveals that shopping satisfaction for Manto and Shirt shoppers is a response to different levels of utilitarian and hedonic value in a shopping trip. In other words, increasing consumers' shopping satisfaction could be manipulated by enhancing consumers' utilitarian and hedonic shopping value. In addition, the influence of involvement on shopping satisfaction is moderated through manipulating consumer buying tendencies and utilitarian and hedonic shopping value.